Symbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter

Symbolism in the Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is known to have a lot of symbolism. Symbolism is a way to convey ideas and give a book a deeper meaning to readers. While there are many symbols in the Scarlet Letter, there are a few that stand out more than others. Pearl, Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth are all main characters that have symbols. Hawthorne symbols are used to help readers relate to the story. In order to really comprehend the book the reader must understand the use of symbolism and what each of the characters represent. Pearl is the daughter of Hester and Dimmesdale. She was conceived while Hester was married to Chillingworth so Pearl was born out of sin. Pearl symbolizes the†¦show more content†¦Dimmesdale’s scarlet letter on his chest showed that â€Å"...where the letter may be guessed to have appeared for a similar signifying function as on Hester, it is, however, as invisible as the act or condition it ref ers to†(Bell,17). While Dimmesdale may physically have the scarlet letter, the scarlet letter does not do anything in helping to relieve his guilt. No one knows of the scarlet letter on his breast or the child he made with Hester out of wedlock. He can not fully face the punishments for his sin making the guilt eat him alive. Many people assume that he took the easy road between him and Hester, but in the end he is the one who suffers most because he is unable to repent for his sins. Also, while readers might also assume that Dimmesdale holds regret for ever becoming involved with Hester, that is not the case. Dimmesdale says †...of penance there has been enough, of penitence there is none† (Hawthorne, 212). Dimmesdale is saying that no matter what he does to punish himself it does not heal him and that he has no regret for being with Hester and having Pearl. While Dimmesdale symbolizes guilt and regret, Hester symbolizes repentance. Repentance is the act of admitting your sins and starting to get forgiveness for them. Hester is a prime example of repentance. Hester admitted to the sin of adultery and she took the consequences for the sin. She proved to all the townspeople that she was still aShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter882 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter was a novel written in the 1850 s by a man named Nathaniel Hawthorne. Throughout the Scarlet Letter he uses scads of literary devices. The literary devices are there to give the novel more depth. The main device he uses in the novel is symbolism. Hawthorne uses the symbolism to make an object have more than one meaning. Three of the elements he uses as symbols are the scarlet letter, Pearl, and the forest. These symbols are seen differently by theRead MoreSymbolism By Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1140 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism; the use of symbols to represent something abstract by something concrete. It can be powerful in a novel when used correctly. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a prime example of Symbolism being used creatively in a work.This is what Hyatt H. Waggoner has to say about the Hawthornes creativity.† But in between the surface and the depths movement is constant and complex, and it is in this middle that the principal value of the work lies.†(Waggoner 73)What Waggoner is talking aboutRead MoreSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1122 Words   |  5 Pagesdraft Topic: Symbolism of the Scarlet letter â€Å"A† In The Scarlet letter the author Nathaniel Hawthorne illustrates the use of symbolism in the book, especially the scarlet letter â€Å"A.† Symbolism is defined as a figure of speech used for an object, or a word to represent something else in literature. The Scarlet letter â€Å"A† had a change of meaning throughout the novel. In the inception of the book it is known as a symbol of Adultery. As the book continues the scarlet letter is looked at differentlyRead MoreSymbolism, Use Of Color, And Themes Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1657 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolism, Use of Color, and Themes in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is regarded as the first symbolic novel in American Literature for Nathaniel Hawthorne s skillful use of symbolism and allegory. The novel is also said to be the greatest accomplishment of American short story and is viewed as the first American psychological novel, which makes Hawthorne win an incomparable position in American Literature. Hawthorne’s â€Å"unique gift† for using this kind of skills taps into the roots of manRead MoreSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter And The Minister s Black Veil 1083 Words   |  5 PagesAlex Rojas Ms. Bacon English IV H 11/3/15 Many dark romantics use symbolism to support the themes in their stories. The themes represented by these symbols tend to represent sin and evil. Like many of his writing counterparts, Nathaniel Hawthorne extensively uses symbolism in several of his major works to explore sin and human nature. The Scarlett Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Minister s Black Veil† are all vivid examples of this exploration and are the focus of this analysis. BeforeRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning. Symbolism occurs in everyday ordinary life. One of the most recognizable stories that contain symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’sRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1187 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism in Red Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter shows the early view of Puritanism by concentrating on sin, guilt, and its effects on society. Nathaniel Hawthorne conveyed a dark and romantic style of writing in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, impacting the society by focusing on the concepts of romanticism. The Scarlet Letter is considered a classic book and is still read today. Nathaniel Hathorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. He was the son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth ClarkRead MoreABy Major Characters In The Scarlet Letter1202 Words   |  5 PagesInterpretation of the ‘A’ by Major Characters in The Scarlet Letter People have different cultures and experiences throughout their lives; therefore, they all have different perspectives of the same object. Various authors use different perspectives of people to make objects mean different based on how people approach it. Not only the readers see the object in different ways, but also the characters in the story. The Scarlet Letter uses various symbolism such as ‘A , rosebush, the forest and more whichRead More Scarlet Critique Essay870 Words   |  4 Pages The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1850. It was based on the Puritans of the 1600s, which were revived in Hawthornes era. Hawthorne descended from Puritan heritage and harbored a sense of guilt and hatred for their way of life. He used many themes and literary techniques in The Scarlet Letter including symbolism and irony. He emphasized the individuals role in the community and the role of women in society. Hawthorne used romanticism as opposed to the classical correctnessRead MoreThe Theme Of Guilt In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne935 Words   |  4 Pagesa very famous author, Nathaniel Hawthorne mostly wrote about the puritans in colonial America. Even though the puritan religion died soon after the Salem Witch Trials, Hawthorne is obsessed with their society and writes a lot about the 1600’s. The Scarlet Letter is also based around the puritan community in the 1600’s. While it is not known whether this novel is based on a true story or not it still captures the attention of many readers. The story contains a lot of symbolism that is hidden and encourages

The Unnamed Man s Imminent Downfall - 1506 Words

Garrett Wight Prof. Ian Storey College English 28 October 2015 The Unnamed Man’s Imminent Downfall Some people tend to not look at the entire picture when evaluating another person and depicting their personality and attitude. While evaluating the man in â€Å"To Build a Fire† that was traveling to â€Å"the boys†, it can be inferred that he had many flaws in his personality and in his attitude (London 549). Others might have been blinded by the other pieces of evidence suggesting he was a hero, an intelligent man, or a great outdoorsman. This unnamed man, who has no name for a purpose, is depicted as stubborn and unaffected by obvious warnings in the very beginning of the story. It can be argued that this man is a fool because he disregarded†¦show more content†¦(London 548) The man was unaffected by the severity of his surroundings. He recognized them exactly for what they were and not for how they would affect him. His egotism masked the reality of human beings being frail in comparison to nature. London uses the concept of repetition to establish the fact of the cold in the reader’s mind and to also show how the cold â€Å"deprived him initially of a will, then of desires, and at last of life itself†(Mitchell 80). This repetition marks stupidity in the fact that the man does not learn from his mistakes; in fact, he rather continues to justify his decisions based on his egocentric mindset. Usually when a person is given advice from an older and wiser person, they accept and use the advice. This man refused the advice given to him by the man from Sulphur Creek. He recollected when the old man told him how cold it got sometimes, and the man laughed at the thought. Once again, after he fell into the freezing water, he remembered the o ld man telling him that no man should travel alone in 50 below 0 weather or colder. At this time, he had made a fire to warm himself up; all was going well. This made him think how â€Å"womanish† the old man was and how much of a manly man he, himself was (London 553). Soon, thereafter, his fire was put out by the snow on a tree because of his recklessness when gathering sticks for the fire. After that he realized how much of a fool he had been

Conducts an in-Depth Analysis on Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Conducts an in-Depth Analysis on Accounting. Answer: Introduction: The report mainly evaluates the significance of management and financial accounting, which are used by companies to make adequate decisions. In addition, the study also focuses on evaluating the significance of latest softwares that could improve the financial growth decision of an organization. Furthermore, the study also shows the overall classification of cost, which might help organizations in making adequate decisions. In addition, the novices with the help of examples are able to portray the objective of preparing budgets, standard cost and variance analysis. Lastly, the study sheds light on favourable and adverse variances of budget, which might help organizations in making budgets that are more suitable for its future growth. Evaluating the need for investing in the latest software of management accounting as well as financial accounting in an organisation: In addition, with the help of latest softwares in management and financial accounting J Sainsbury Company could effectively increase the efficiency of the report generated by accounting software. Moreover, the boost in technology has mainly helped in increasing the overall accuracy of analyzing the demand and sales on particular seasons. Furthermore, with the help of this advanced softwares Sainsbury could effectively minimize the overall expenditure and maximize its profitability. Gogus and Ozer (2014) argued that continuous investments in latest softwares could increase the overall expenditure of the company and might affect its cash reserves. However, Boulianne (2014) stated that adoption of latest technology in the business could help in improving the overall decision-making process and might increase investment scope of an organization. Financial accounting Management accounting It mainly helps in communicating financial position of the company It helps in the decision making process of the company It is a mandatory system that need to be adopted by organist ions It is not mandatory for organizations Financial accounting mainly regulates under GAAP, IAS and IFRS It is does not have any kind of guidelines or regulations Its only portrays the past transactions conducted by the company It mainly portrays the overall future growth estimated by the company It is prepared for external audience like shareholder, government etc of an organization It is mainly prepared for internal directors committee of a organizations Table 1: Showing the difference between financial and management accounting (Source: Taipaleenmaki and Ikaheimo 2013) Evaluating the significance of classifying costs on the basis of behaviour, function, relevance and types in business decision making: Estimating and evaluating cost in organization is a significant role, which mainly helps companies to survive in the competitive market. In addition, with the help of cost classifications companies are able to evaluate the overall expenditure conducted on different levels. In this context, Drury (2013) stated that organizations with the help of cost classifications companies are able to effectively price their products and maintain the competitive edge in the market. On the other hand, Mensink et al. (2013) criticized that wrong classification of cost could results in loss and might reduce the overall capital invested by the company. Figure 1: Showing the different Cost classification in a manufacturing organization (Source: Lopez et al. 2015) With the help of figure 1, the overall different costs that are conducted in a manufacturing company can be effectively evaluated. In addition, these classifications mainly help in evaluating the different cost, which are currently conducted by the company. Huynh et al. (2014) stated that cost classification also help management to make adequate investment and expansion decisions, which might help in improving productivity of the organization. Refer to appendix 1 for examples of cost classification. The main significance of cost classifications are as follows: Reduction in excess expenditure: In addition, with the help of cost classifications on different organizations are able to segregate the indirect and direct costs that are related to production. Moreover, theses segregation mainly helps in reducing excess expenditure conducted by the company. Lopez et al. (2012) mentioned that companies that use cost classifications effectively are able to reduce their expenditure and maximize their profits from sales. However, Wang et al. (2014) argued that cost classification is an expensive process, which is mainly conducted by organizations to manage their uncontrolled expenditure. Increase efficiency of the decisions making process: Furthermore, with the help of effective cost classifications manufacturing companies are able to evaluate different costs situated within the levels of production. In addition, cost classification also helps the management to make adequate decisions regarding adoption of new machinery or budgeting process to reduce the overall rising costs. Marshall et al. (2011) mentioned that cost classification mainly help companies to make adequate expansion plans, which might help in increasing their revenue generation capacity. On the contrary, Pan et al. (2015) argued that during an economic crises cost classification could lose its friction due to the rising expenditure and low revenue generated by the company. ABC being a manufacturing company has both direct and indirect cost, which helps in generating the required revenue. However, cost classification could help ABC Company to make adequate decisions in reducing its overall expenditure on non-productive activities. Furthermore, it could be effectively concluded that ABC Company could increase efficiency of its decisions and reduce excess expenditure conducted in its manufacturing process. Evaluating the objectives of preparing budgets with appropriate examples of operational budgets: Budgets are an essential part of planning, which help companies to identify the required liquidity needed in their production function. In addition, budget also helps in reducing the overall expenditure and improves profitability of the company. In this context, Taft et al. (2013) stated that with the help of budget companies are able in effectively managing their liquidity and productivity, which in turn increases their capacity to make sustainable profits. On the other hand, Li and Dong (2014) criticized that change in future inflation rate is not included in budgets, which in might raise projected expenditure and reduce profits of the company. Moreover, the objectives of budgets are as follows. Predicting future cash flows: The main objective of preparing budgets is to predict the future cash flows that could be conducted by the company. In addition, the estimations of future cash flows mainly help the company in maintaining the required funds, which could help in supporting adequate level of productivity. Joshua and Mohammed (2013) stated that projected cash flow from budgets mainly help companies to make relevant marketing decisions, which in turn increases its profitability and customer base. On the other hand, Berman (2015) criticized that budgets could lose its friction during an economic crisis, which in turn might reduce revenue generation capacity of the company. Evaluating Scenarios: Furthermore, with the help of budget companies are able to determine different courses, which could be taken to reduce risk from external environments. In addition, budgets also help in preparing the companies for the worst-case scenario that could negatively affect its productivity. On the contrary, Raudla (2013) mentioned that budgets only evaluates financial outcomes and does not consider external factors, which might negatively affect operation of the company. Measuring performance: In addition, with the help of budget companies are able to measure their overall performance. Moreover, companies mainly use variance analysis to measure difference between actual and budgetary figures, which in turn helps in evaluating accuracy of its budgeting process. In this context, Li and Dong (2014) argued that variance analysis is losing its friction as companies are using budgetary slack method to modify their budget and achieve targeted objectives. On the other hand, Arbatli and Escolano (2015) cited that increased variance could hamper productivity of the organization, which in might project the incompetency of its budgeting team. Allocating financial resource: Moreover, budgets also help companies to make adequate financial resource allocation decisions, which mainly help them to make the required productivity level. On the other hand, Joshua and Mohammed (2013) criticized that viability and authenticity of the budget conducted hampered if inexperienced executives have prepared it. However, Berman (2015) mentioned that sound budget could only be prepared if companies have not used any unethical measures in preparing their financials report. Income Actual Budget Difference Sales Sales - Qtr 1 45,000 48,000 (3,000) Sales - Qtr 2 37,000 44,000 (7,000) Sales - Qtr 3 44,000 48,000 (4,000) Sales - Qtr 4 55,000 53,000 2,000 Other - Total Sales 181,000 193,000 (12,000) Cost of Goods Beginning Inventory 12,000 14,000 (2,000) Goods Purchased or Manufactured 33,000 30,000 3,000 Shipping Charges 3,500 2,500 1,000 Labour (wages and payroll) 22,000 21,000 1,000 Other 2,300 1,800 500 Less Ending Inventory 14,000 10,000 4,000 Cost of Goods Sold 58,800 59,300 (500) Gross Profit 122,200 133,700 (11,500) Total INCOME 122,200 133,700 (11,500) EXPENSES Operating Expenses Advertising 1,500 1,000 500 Depreciation 2,300 2,300 - Insurance 4,000 3,500 500 Office Supplies 1,200 1,500 (300) Rent 3,600 4,000 (400) Salaries and Wages 12,000 12,500 (500) Other 3,600 3,800 (200) Total Operating Expenses 28,200 28,600 (400) Net Profit 94,000 105,100 (11,100) Table 2: Showing the example of operational budget (Source: As created by author) Determining how standard costs are used for variance analysis and discussing about favourable and adverse variances: Variance analysis is mainly conducted to evaluate the difference between actual and budgeted amount of an organization. In addition, companies use standard costing method, when actual costs are hard to derive. Furthermore, standard costing method is mainly used by manufacturing companies to derive the actual cost of production, which in turn might help in evaluating the profits derived in current fiscal year. In this context, Badem et al. (2013) suggested that standard cost method help organizations to make effective production budget and allocate adequate funds in the manufacturing process. On the other hand, Oker and AdÄ ±guzel (2016) criticized that some companies uses unethical measure in creating favourable variance to achieve targeted goals. Moreover, standard costing is mainly used as a base, which helps variance analysis to compare the actual costs of the company. Standard Cost for Tamer Manufacturing Company Particulars Per unit Amount Amount Material 10 1.8 18 Labour 6 hours 5.5 33 Overhead 4 hours 6 24 Total 20 13.3 75 Actual Cost Particulars Per unit Amount Amount Materials 1 9 2 18 Labour 7 5 35 Overhead 3 5.4 16.2 Total 19 12.4 69.2 Material Usage Variance -2 Unfavourable Labour Efficiency Variance 3 Favourable Variable Overheads Efficiency 2.4 Favourable Total variance 18 Favourable Table 3: Showing the example of Standard Cost (Source: As created by author) Table 3, mainly helps in evaluating the different variance that are favourable or unfavourable for Tamer Manufacturing Company. In addition, standard costing also uses favourable and adverse variance to determine the overall viability of cost conducted by the company. Furthermore, with help of favourable variance analysis the company is able in effectively maintaining its productivity and liquidity. On the other hand, CPA and Shi (2016) criticized that some companies uses unethical measures in their standard costing process, which in turn inflates their balance sheet. However, Oker and AdÄ ±guzel (2016) stated that with the help of standard costing method manufacturing companies are able to prepare adequate budgets, which help in maintaining the required level of productivity. The manipulation in standard cost might provide favourable variance, but negatively affect profit generation capacity of the company. Moreover, adverse variance mainly helps the company to reduce their overall cost of production, which in turn might help in improving its overall profitability. In addition, the adverse variance analysis mainly indicates the incompetency of the accountant in determining the standard cost of a particular production process. Badem et al. (2013) cited that unfavorable variance analysis motivates the organization to make suitable changes in their administrative department, which could help in supporting its future endeavours. On the other hand, CPA and Shi (2016) criticized that standard costing loses its friction due to intense competition, which eventual reduces profitability of the company and hamper its future endeavours. Conclusion: The study mainly helps in evaluating different cost and budgeting process that could be used by companies to increase their productivity. In addition, the report also sheds light on the use of latest financial and management accounting software. Furthermore, the novice effectively evaluates the significance of cost classification, which could help in reducing overall cost of production. Moreover, the assignment also provides details on the objective of preparing budgets and an effective example of operational budget. Lastly, the novice provides details on impact of standard cost in variance analysis, which could help companies determine favourable and adverse variances. Reference: Arbatli, E. and Escolano, J., 2015. Fiscal transparency, fiscal performance and credit ratings.Fiscal Studies,36(2), pp.237-270. Badem, A.C., Ergin, E. and Drury, C., 2013. Is standard costing still used? Evidence from Turkish automotive industry.International Business Research,6(7), p.79. Berman, L., 2015.The Office of Management and Budget and the presidency, 1921-1979. Princeton University Press. Boulianne, E., 2014. Impact of accounting software utilization on students' knowledge acquisition: An important change in accounting education.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,10(1), pp.22-48. CPA, A.B. and Shi, Y., 2016. Leaning Away From Standard Costing.Strategic Finance,97(12), p.38. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Gogus, C.G. and Ozer, G., 2014. The Roles of Technology Acceptance Model Antecedents and Switching Cost on Accounting Software Use.Academy of Information and Management Sciences Journal,17(1), p.1.sss Huynh, D., Laeyendecker, O. and Brookmeyer, R., 2014. A serial risk score approach to disease classification that accounts for accuracy and cost.Biometrics,70(4), pp.1042-1051. Joshua, O. and Mohammed, N.A., 2013. Budget Target Setting and Effective Performance Measurement in Nigerian Hospitality Industry.Journal of Finance Economics,1(3), pp.39-50. Li, X. and Dong, H., 2014. On the Preparation and Implementation of Research Budget in Agricultural Institutes.Asian Agricultural Research,6(8), p.98. Lopez, V., del Ro, S., Bentez, J.M. and Herrera, F., 2015. Cost-sensitive linguistic fuzzy rule based classification systems under the MapReduce framework for imbalanced big data.Fuzzy Sets and Systems,258, pp.5-38. Lpez, V., Fernndez, A., Moreno-Torres, J.G. and Herrera, F., 2012. Analysis of preprocessing vs. cost-sensitive learning for imbalanced classification. Open problems on intrinsic data characteristics.Expert Systems with Applications,39(7), pp.6585-6608. Marshall, D.H., McManus, W.W. and Viele, D.F., 2011.Accounting. McGraw-Hill Irwin. Mensink, T., Verbeek, J., Perronnin, F. and Csurka, G., 2013. Distance-based image classification: Generalizing to new classes at near-zero cost.IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence,35(11), pp.2624-2637. ker, F. and AdÄ ±gzel, H., 2016. Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ driven activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based costing: An implementation in a manufacturing company.Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance,27(3), pp.39-56. Pan, S., Wu, J. and Zhu, X., 2015. Cogboost: boosting for fast cost-sensitive graph classification.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,27(11), pp.2933-2946. Raudla, R., 2013. Fiscal retrenchment in Estonia during the financial crisis: The role of institutional factors.Public Administration,91(1), pp.32-50. Taft, M.K., Hosein, Z.Z., Mehrizi, S.M.T. and Roshan, A., 2013. The relation between financial literacy, financial wellbeing and financial concerns.International Journal of Business and Management,8(11), p.63. Taipaleenmaki, J. and Ikaheimo, S., 2013. On the convergence of management accounting and financial accountingthe role of information technology in accounting change.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), pp.321-348. Wang, J., Zhao, P. and Hoi, S.C., 2014. Cost-sensitive online classification.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,26(10), pp.2425-2438.

The Giver by Lois Lowry Essay Example

The Giver by Lois Lowry Essay Lois Lowry depicts an ideal society in her book The Giver. She successfully accomplishes this by conveying a utopian community through the eyes of a young boy named Jonas and she even won the John Newbery Medal for its great success. By following the protagonist, the reader is given the ability to recognize the ways in which the residents of the community have structured their lives over the years in order to live the most desirably. Lowry communicates to the reader the importance of societal relationship connections by implementing central themes including the importance of memory and individualism throughout the community in which Jonas is living. Jonas allows the reader to grasp the ideas and desirable behaviors the entire community shares as he is maturing in life. The community residents have imposed strict rules governing everything in daily life in order to eliminate what are some of the more depressing elements of an ordinary world. These include such things as pain, hunger, hatred, competition, and illness in exchange for happy and peaceful everyday lives. Adherence to the rules and community cooperation is the key to their utopian society. As this sounds like mere fantasy, the community is able to accomplish since no one possesses any memories of such elements. Therefore, the community is able to create and perfect society without disruption since the residents are not aware of the different choices in life that could change their community structure dramatically. With such order, the community is able to ensure the most convenient and pleasant society possible. We will write a custom essay sample on The Giver by Lois Lowry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Giver by Lois Lowry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Giver by Lois Lowry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Within the strict guidelines reserves the right to one specially selected community resident to retain all of the memories for the community as a whole. This selected resident is known as The Receiver of Memory and is highly respected. As the reader learns when Jonas is selected for this duty, that it is extremely important and is the job which is the most honored in the community (61). The retiring Receiver of Memory, The Giver, passes on the memories of the community and of the entire world onto Jonas through senses. All of the memories that passed onto Jonas are new to him and according to the rules must remain mysterious to the rest of the community. Some of the memories passed on include enjoyable ones like snow, sledding, trees, and colors. However, other memories The Giver passes on to Jonas are not so enjoyable such as pain, suffering, and death. The selection of jobs like Jonas is the foundation for the structure of the small community. The community keeps careful order of the residents by grouping them according to similar age groups starting at birth. As each group progresses to an older age group, the community ensures that the most suitable residents fill specific jobs and even families according to their abilities and interests observed and determined by the community residents. The community was so meticulously ordered, the choices were so carefully made (48). The community residents put families together by selection and request from an already selected couple and were assigned exactly two children each. Such structure was important for the community to retain its perfect environment; even the sight of colors and different weather patterns as Jonas learned were not allowed. As The Giver tried to explain the community and Jonas new assignment he stated, they dont want change. Life here is so orderly, so predictable-so painless. Its what theyve chosen (103). As Jonas received more and more of the communitys memories, including death and release, he began to gain an appreciation for each memory individually. He wished that the entire community could share them as well so that they too could have the same appreciation since he was beginning to realize how orderly and empty the lack of memories was keeping the community. He knew they could not understand without the memories since without them they could never experience things like love and pain (135). The community designated The Receiver of Memory to possess all of the memories to ensure that they did not repeat the mistakes of their p ast and to prevent change. The memories transformed Jonas and allowed him to appreciate the importance of the memories for the survival of each resident in the community. The memories gave Jonas his own individualism, something he didnt understand why it was being kept from the entire community. Jonas was determined to change the way the community structured itself forever by giving the citizens their own history. He released himself from the community physically and mentally in a quest to find Elsewhere in order to help The Giver disperse the memories to the entire community. He was awed by the surprise that lay beyond each curve of the road after a life of Sameness and predictability (172). His journey, like the memories, taught him more about the outside world because he experienced the dangers of hunger and exhaustion first hand. Jonas character develops and transforms dramatically as do the central themes throughout the Lowrys book. The transferring of the communitys memories onto Jonas created a sense of individualism for himself as well as his questioning of the current community structure. The memories transformed Jonas as he in turn plans to transform his community. He experiences the importance of individualism and sets out on a life threatening quest in hopes to allow the community as a whole to experience individualism too. However the ending is uncertain, Jonas himself is successful at understanding the importance of societal relationships by staying strong and searching for a change for his entire community.

How to Make a Reaction Paper

How to Make a Reaction Paper How to Make a Reaction Paper How to Make a Reaction Paper Well-Structured and Interesting How to make a reaction paper? It is the first question that appears in a students mind when he or she gets such a task. It is quite obvious why it is so! Although a reaction paper is not a large academic paper (it should be no larger than 5 pages), its writing takes some time. It is not just expressing of a students thoughts about something he or she has read or seen. It should be a well-structured, clear paper that fulfills all the requirements of a certain format. So, how to make a reaction paper in such a way that it will be a really good academic paper? The tips given in this article will help you cope with such a task! How to make a reaction paper well-structured? You should keep in mind that any reaction paper should consist of 3 main constituent parts: the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. These parts should be interrelated. Each of them should contain certain information. The main aim of the intr oduction is to introduce a topic of your reaction paper. So, in this part you should state what you are discussing. You should mention, first of all, what your paper is based on:the title of a book (an article, a research paper or some other reading) or a movie; the name of the author (the writer, the scientist) or the director; the publication data or the place of the shooting (of a movie). Highlight the main points of the work: what it is about, what problems it touches upon. A thesis statement of your reaction paper should also be stated in the introduction.The main body should consist of several paragraphs each of that support your thesis statement. Here you discuss the issue concerned, express your attitude to the authors opinion (you may agree or disagree with his or her viewpoint or you may even add something). The conclusion should summarize your reaction paper: restate your ideas or express your overall impression about the work. How to make a reaction paper i nteresting? You should understand that your reaction paper should not only be well-organized but interesting as well. So, how to make a reaction paper interesting?Use various examples concerning the issue. They may be from your personal experience. Use different quotations from the work. They can not only prove your opinion but also make the problem more clear for the audience. So, this information will help you answer the question how to make a reaction paper really good? If you do not know how to write a reaction paper and look for help, you are welcome to address us! We can always provide you with professional help in writing any kind of assignment papers, in particular reaction papers.

What to Expect During a Grad School Interview

What to Expect During a Grad School Interview Knowing what to expect during a grad school interview is key to effectively answering the questions youre asked. Graduate school acceptance rates in 2017 were approximately 22% for doctoral programs and 50% for masters degree programs, according to the Council of Graduate Schools. The interview is your opportunity to show the admissions committee the person you are beyond test scores, grades, and portfolios. Describe Yourself Interviewers often begin by asking applicants about themselves to put them at ease and for the interviewers to get a sense of who the applicants are as individuals. Admissions officers and faculty want to know what motivates you as a student and how your personal interests relate to your goals as a graduate student. Some common questions are: Tell me about yourself.What are your strengths and weaknesses?What do you believe your greatest challenge will be if you are accepted into this program?How would your professors describe you?Describe your greatest accomplishment.Why should we choose you over another candidate?Are you motivated? Explain and provide examples.What would you change about yourself and why?If you could have dinner with anyone, living or dead, who would it be? Why?What do you do in your spare time?What volunteer experiences do you have?What contribution have you made to your department or school?What was the last movie that you saw?What was the last book that you read? Describe Your Professional Goals Personal questions often segue into ones about your professional plans and interests. These arent limited to the graduate program to which youre applying. Be prepared to talk about what you may do if you arent admitted to grad school as well as what you plan to do upon graduation. Interviewers ask these questions to get a sense of how much thought you have put into your plans. If youre not accepted into graduate school, what are your plans?Why did you choose this career?How will you be able to make a contribution to this field?What are your career goals? How will this program help you achieve your goals?How do you intend to finance your education?What do you plan to specialize in? Describe Your Academic Experiences Academic institutions want to make sure theyre bringing in students who will become positive members of the departmental community and will develop healthy faculty relationships. Your experience as an undergraduate may indicate how good a fit the program is for you. In college, what courses did you enjoy the most? The least? Why?Describe any research project youve worked on. What was the purpose of the project, and what was your role in the project?In what ways have your previous experiences prepared you for graduate study in our program?Tell me about your experience in this field. What was challenging? What was your contribution?What skills do you bring to the program?How will you contribute to your mentors research?Why did you choose to apply to our program?What do you know about our program, and how does it align with your goals?What other schools are you considering? Why?If you could change one thing about your undergraduate college, what would it be?Tell me about a professor who you dont like. Why? Describe Your Problem Solving and Leadership Skills Grad school can be a stressful time for even the most successful students. There will be times when you will be pushed to your intellectual limits and must find your own way forward. Interview questions about your leadership skills and problem-solving abilities are a way for admissions advisers and faculty to understand how you function by yourself and in a group during demanding times. Explain a situation in which you had a conflict and how you resolved it. What would you do differently? Why?What do you believe can be determined about an applicant at an interview?Define success.How well do you handle stress?Discuss a situation in which you showed leadership ability.Do you think one person can make the world a better place? Why or why not?How will you make the world a better place?Explain an ethical dilemma that you faced and how you dealt with it. Tips for a Winning Grad School Interview Experts and academic admissions officers offer these hints for having a positive grad school interview.   Practice your answers: Now that you know some of the questions to expect, think about how youd respond. Write down your thoughts to organize them, but dont memorize them or you might come across as stiff during the interview.Think of relevant personal stories: These stories demonstrate how your life experiences have led you to grad school.Dont forget about funding: Higher education is very expensive, and many graduate programs offer their students teaching assistantships or grants to help them defer costs.Interview your interviewers: You want to make sure youll be studying with faculty who share your academic goals and intellectual interests. Think of questions that youd like to ask about the culture of the program and how students and faculty interact.Be yourself: Youre committing yourself to a year or more of intense academic study, and grad school isnt cheap. If you cant honestly tell your interviewers why you want to be admitted to their program, that may be a sign that that prog ram wouldnt be a good fit. Sources 2017 CGS/GRE Survey of Graduate Enrollment and Degrees.Murray, Gregg R. 7 Key Questions to Ask During Your Grad School Interview. PsychologyToday.com. 18 Dec. 2014.Petersons blog staff. Graduate Admission: Tips for a Great Interview. Petersons.com. 29 Nov. 2017.Struefert, Billie. How to Ace Your Grad School Interview. USAToday.com. 20 Feb. 2015.

Project Portfolio Management Concepts Research Paper

Project Portfolio Management Concepts - Research Paper Example His essay shall identify 4 articles that address Project Portfolio management and then evaluate the quality and utility of each. However, the subject matter shall focus on the article considered to be bearing the highest quality and utility. The following 4 articles were chosen for the analysis: How to Implement management of Portfolio within 100 days, Craig Kilford, N.Y: Stationery Office, 2013. Internet resource {http://www.best-management-practice.com/gempdf/How_to_implement_MoP_ONS_Case_Study.pdf} The author of this article, Craig Kilford has worked as an Interim Deputy Director of Portfolio Management in the office for the National Statistics. He is also a regular blogger at www.MrPortfolioManagement.com. He is also a motivational speaker at various business conferences. His achievements in the field of Portfolio invoke the public to catch his writings. In the article ‘How to implement management of Portfolio within 100 days,’ Craig tells the audiences about the doà ¢â‚¬â„¢s and don’ts which they practiced when their organization, the Office for National Statistics intended to implement a Project for managing a Portfolio within a period of a hundred days. He highlights the position of the ONS before the implementation, the journey towards delivering the portfolio, the unit model for delivering the portfolio, the portfolio Governing model and the future of the ONS. Craig also highlights the top 8 requirements that are crucial for the implementation of the Project Portfolio Management within a period of 100 days. Project Portfolio Management, Gartner, N. J: Wiley, 2013. Internet Resource. {http://www.gartner.com/it/content/911400/911412/project_portfolio_mgmt_excerpt.pdf} This article does not highlight the achievement s of the author, but it seem to be focused on its subject matter: Project Portfolio management: A view from the management trenches. The article highlights the features of a successful Project Management Portfolio, the metho ds of optimizing the capacity of an organization, the checkpoints of a good Project Management Portfolio, how to incorporate changes in to a Project Management Portfolio, the Project Management Portfolio tiers, the areas to put up a Project Management Portfolio, the period and reasons when a Project Management Portfolio should be established, the foundational principles and tools for establishing a Project Management Portfolio. The articles targets the business community as its primary audiences, however, the interested public would also find the message to be vital. Project Portfolio Management:Metrics that Work, James C. B., 2012. Internet Resource. {http://www.bw.edu/academics/cpd/forums/Project_Portfolio_Management_March_2011.pdf} There is no clear information about the author, James Brown. Howevr, he is the current manager of the Research Portfolio Managing Officer of the Pionner Hi-Bred International. The article highlights the interests of any Project Portfolio management, th e mandatory contents of a Project Portfolio

Jesus Leadership Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jesus Leadership Principles - Essay Example In the gospel books of the bible, one finds the fundamental teachings and leadership principles that Jesus promoted. According to Maxwell and Blackaby, the principles of leadership outlined and applied by Jesus can transform the kind of leadership in the globe today. Maxwell has identified ten of these leadership principles. This paper will discuss the relevance of these principles to secular leadership. According to Matthew chapter 20 verses twenty five to twenty eight, Jesus designed an intriguing model that implied a critical principle in leadership. The act of washing the feet of his disciples implied that servant-hood is a defining aspect of leadership. The account reveals that Jesus washed the feet of all disciples including his betrayer Judas Iscariot. Although he held the position of master, with the disciples working under his instruction, he chose to assume the level of servant. Leaders in the globe today can benefit from this principle by realizing that they have the duty to serve the people they lead. This principle can transform global leadership immensely if the leaders realized the crucial servitude role that they have to play. According to Luke chapter seven verse twenty two and John fourteen verses eleven, it becomes evident that Jesus urged his disciples to live according to the standards they preached even before expecting others to adopt them.... to guide their daily activities, it would prove easier for a leader’s followers to demonstrate a commitment to the organizational goals, because the leaders exhibit exemplary commitment (Maxwell, & Elmore, 2007). Matthew chapter six verse thirty three highlights an additional principle that Jesus advised his followers to consider. Setting priorities is a critical aspect for a nay leader, especially with the current dynamism that presents leaders with overwhelming responsibilities. The emphasis that Jesus gave in the verse mentioned highlights the importance of putting each activity in its right place, and avoiding distraction. The benefits of setting priorities may have received too much emphasis, but the emphasis only indicates the centrality of the matter to effective leadership. Global leaders have realized the significance of this aspect, and global leadership forums seek to empower leaders to exhibit the capacity of setting priorities. Jesus Christ made it clear that impa cts in leadership were the results of relationships and not positions. Since Jesus realized the significance of establishing relationships with people, he made efforts of reaching out to them. He took the initiative of going to all the places where he could find peoples. John chapter five verses five to thirty illustrate his encounter with the Samaritan woman after his ministry. Moreover, chapter eight and verses one to eleven of the same book indicate that he went to the synagogue. Apparently, Jesus sought people, and showed great interest in them. Demonstrating personal interest in people moved them to listen to his message. It is unfortunate that some leaders today have no impact on the people because the leaders have focussed on their positions instead of exhibiting interest in the people

Caribbean Economy and Haitian revolution Essay Example for Free

Caribbean Economy and Haitian revolution Essay The Revolution wrecked Haiti’s economy because it challenged the world as it was then. Slavery was the heart of a thriving system of merchant capitalism that profited Europe, devastated Africa, and propelled the expansion of the Americas. Independent Haiti had few friends. All the worlds powers sided with France against the self-proclaimed Black Republic which declared it a haven for runaway slaves. Hemmed in by slave colonies, Haiti had only one non-colonized neighbor, the slaveholding United States; which refused to recognize Haiti’s independence for decades. The Haitian Revolution of 1789-1803 transformed French Saint Domingue, one of the most productive European colonies of its day, into an independent state run by former slaves and the descendants of slaves It produced the worlds first examples of wholesale emancipation in a major slaveowning society, of colonial representation in a metropolitan assembly, and of full racial equality in a European colony. It occurred when the Atlantic slave trade was at its peak, and when slavery was an accepted institution from Canada to Chile. The slave revolt that between 1791 and 1793 laid waste the immensely wealthy colony was probably the largest and sole fully successful one there has ever been. Of all American struggles for colonial independence, the Haitian Revolution involved the greatest degree of mass mobilization, and brought the greatest degree of social and economic change. In an age of tumultuous events and world war, it seized international attention with images of apocalyptic destruction and of a new world in the making. The Black Jacobins by Trinidadian intellectual C.L.R. James remains, although written in the 1930s, the best introduction to the subject.

Snow Falling on Cedars Essay -- Snow Falling Cedars Japanese Essays

Snow Falling on Cedars Everyone has experienced prejudice sometime in their life. It has been an undeniable force in society ever since history was recorded. Even the most open-minded people and enlightened organizations can be blamed as being prejudice sometime or another. However, prejudice always takes its toll from these people who form opinions beforehand or without any facts. The novel, Snow Falling On Cedars, take place during a time in which Americans are prejudice towards Japanese people. David Guterson’s novel takes place several years after World War II when hatred towards the Japanese filled Americans’ hearts from the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. During the time period from 1940 to 1955 there was evidence of this hatred and prejudice in internment camps and laws passed against Japanese-Americans. Snow Falling On Cedars has many parallels between the fictional prejudice in the novel and the factual prejudice of the time period. There are many examples of prejudice towards the Japanese from 1940-1955. These examples of prejudice were based on hatred from the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Discrimination towards these people came in the form of cruelty from our government and fellow Americans. One example of discrimination towards Japanese-Americans that came from our government was signed by President Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. The President signed Executive Order 9066, which authorized the Army to â€Å"designate military areas from which â€Å"any persons may be excluded.† Although Japanese-Americans were put into these internment camps, the words â€Å"Japanese,† or â€Å"Japanese Americans† never appeared in the order. Afterwards, on March 9, 1942, Public Law 503 was put into decree to enforce Roosevelt’s Execu... ...tim of discrimination. Since he was the same race as the people who were involved in the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Kabuo never stood a chance at a fair trial. Works Cited "Children of the Camps Project." Internment History. . Public Broadcasting System. 1999. <http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/camps.html>. "Exploring the Japanese American Internment through Film and the Internet." National Japanese American Historical Society . 2002. National Asian American Telecommunications Association. 16 April 2002. <http://www.jainternment.org/ ww2/eo9066.html>. Guterson, David. Snow Falling On Cedars. New York: Vintage Books, 1994. Tsang, Rocky. "Japanese Americans Internment in Arkansas." Arkansas Memory Project. 15 April 1999. University of Central Arkansas. 16 April 2002. <http://a sms.k12.ar.us/armem/tsang/INDEX3.HTM>.

Sociology and Age Section Ch

Ch 10 What role does the media need to play in ending gender violence? What is the glass ceiling? Why are women a minority group? In what countries mentioned in the text has mass media helped create an incipient women's movement by showing women that other gender relationships are possible? What was the result of the remarks made by the President of Harvard University suggesting women had inborn characteristics making them less competitive than men in fields such as engineering? What did the Vietnam veterans study find out about aggression?When the media replaces older female broadcasters with younger ones while keeping older ones, what might explain this? How do feminists feel about female circumcision? What is the glass escalator? What is gender tracking? What is disengagement theory? How do sociologists view gender based behavior? What is an age cohert What is suttee in India? What was Engels explanation of patriarchy? In which sociological perspective do theorists focus on how th e meaning of â€Å"old age† shifts based on the changing conditions of society? What is life expectancy? What are honor killings?What were the 3 waves of feminism? What were the goals of each? What is the definition of feminism? What is activity theory (age section ch 10) Which era lead to the greatest increase in life expectancy? What is unintentional sexual discrimination in healthcare? Ch 11 What is a rational-legal authority? A charismatic leader? Who in US history has embodied both? Which country pays the most social security taxes? Which type of leader is believed to be touch by God? What are criticisms of socialism? What is capitalism? What happens when economies have both?The Ruling class are Domhoff’s description of which group? (Ruling class) What are their characteristics? What is totalitarianism? Give examples. What invention lead to the industrial era? What effect does industrialization have on traditional authorities? In capitalism, who determines the cos t of goods? What is a political action committee? What lead to conspicuous consumption? What is convergence theory? Early systems of government closely resembled what type of social institution? Town hall meetings are held to create laws in which type of government?What are the 3 conditions of war? What is the global villiage? Which theorist stated an items value is based on the work that goes into it and that profit is made by paying workers less than this? What are the 3 sources of authority identified by Weber? Who has a monopoly on legitimate force and violence? What is the political gender gap? What is the most common title for the ruler of a city state? Which theorist says authority must be deemed legitimate by the people? Ch 12 In both single mother families and married couples what is the most common childcare for working mothers?What is the sociological definition of marriage? What is serial fatherhood? What are the biggest strains in the US family? What percent of US marri ages are interracial? Is the family universal? Who says? Which theory is going to look at the meaning of women’s work? What trends are expected to continue in education? What influence does industrialization have on family structure? Which racial/ ethnic group is least likely to be headed by a married couple? Who are the most common incest offenders? Which racial/ethnic group is most likely to have strong fatherly influence?Which theory identified that the family provides economic production, socialization, care of the sick and aged, etc.? Who are DINKS? SINKS? Who are boomerang children? Ch 13 What did Marx say about religion? What do schools have to do with the cultural transmission of values? What are they? What were the 2 major goal of education when it was first introduced to the masses? What is tracking Which theory says religion gives meaning to our lives? What is gatekeeping in education? Which functions of families are now being fulfilled by schools?What was the Inqu isition? What is a credential society? What does it mean to be born again? What is mainstreaming of disabilities? How does money influence school admission in Japan? Religion has been used to justify denying homosexuals rights in America. What would a conflict theorist say this says about religion? What is ecclesia? What was the result of the remarks made by the President of Harvard University suggesting women had inborn characteristics making them less competitive than men in fields such as engineering?

Drama Logbook Example Essay

Today before drama class started I was really tired and really couldn’t be bothered for class. I hope this didn’t affect what happened in class, I don’t think it had that much of an affect. Mr McPhee gave us a lot of talks today which provided us with less time to work in our groups. After Mr McPhee marked the roll he told us about the new school policy with mobile phones. Instead of only getting punished during school hours with a mobile phone, this policy now applies even if we are on the school campus. The next thing he talked about was a story about his flat mate long ago. His friend was Japanese and during the time where he was learning how to speak English, the teacher saw a spider and killed it. His friend was appalled and told him that spiders are man’s best friend because it kills insects for us and also it’s harmless to humans. Spider’s are entitled to as much life as we were. They are more scared of us then we are of them. When he finished telling us his story we finally were sent into our groups to work. Phillip and I just took a seat in front of Mr McPhee’s table to wait for the girls to get ready. They took a while to get started, but eventually they got there. He had to call her mum to get some money and Lisa and Amanda had to get changed into tights again for better working conditions. He turned on the air conditioning for us. Eventually they came and we got started. Lisa and Amanda got the blocks for us this lesson and put it on the floor. He told us that we should have done it, but we were tired. Lisa was really eager to just go through the whole thing first whereas the rest of the group wanted to talk about the start and how we could improve the start. Eventually we caved and decided to just go through what we had so far. We made our way through the work before He stopped our group and told us that we needed to make our starting thing more dynamic and powerful. He also stopped us at anot her point where he told us that the deliver of the words would be influenced by the character. We took his advice and built upon this. Phillip had to redo his line over again so many times, it was pretty funny. We also tried to work on the start but decided to work with it next lesson. Even though we knew what we were doing, we kept messing up and it took us a long time to get through what we had. We added some little details and refined what we had. It was more of a rehearsal then adding to it this lesson. Once we reached the end of what we had plan we all took a seat. The next thing we had to do was plan another persons segment. Phillip was suppose to be next but it was too hard so we decided to brainstorm Jeannette’s. It was still too hard so we just brainstormed in general. In the end we managed to sketch in simple terms what the foundations of each of their performances would be. Jeannette would be along the lines of each of Jeannette thinks that each of us are a fairytale character but the truth is she’s only seeing things and we are just ordinary people. Phillip’s one would be the one we decided before, Lisa didn’t like this idea for a reason but I liked it. Lisa’s one would be about her not fitting in to society so she tries to copy people to fit in with the rest of society and makes friends but she fails. At the end of the lesson, George’s group volunteered to go do their work in progress today. They wanted feedback and advice on how to improve and some negative and positive feedback from Mr Mcphee. Even though they didn’t have enough time to hear the feedback, they were able to perform most of their piece. From what I saw I noticed that their piece had a lot of exiting the stage which was bad. I liked the fact that they used their bodies to turn into machines and I liked the story of their idea ! Their story was basically a girl who is writing in her diary about the different dreams she wants to have and eventually she falls asleep and dreams about meeting all of them. Firstly she meets Harry Potter and then she runs into Alice from Wonderland and then it’s James Bond and lastly it’s Juliet. It was pretty well how they blended all the stories together. The bell rang and we were dismissed. The teacher said he would give them feedback next time.

To Kill a Killer essays

To Kill a Killer essays A few of my friends and I once saw a bumper sticker that questioned, "Why do we kill people who kill people, to show that killing people is wrong?" Suddenly there was a wild riot of arguments between us. Even though on that day I was out numbered two to three, I was and today still am against the death penalty as a deterrent to crime. The death penalty is not an effective way to punish a criminal. Even states that use the death penalty seem to have a higher number of homicides than states that do not use it. It does not seem to show its effectiveness since states that have the death penalty present no long-term differences in the murder in comparison of the murder rate of their adjacent states. So, if capital punishment isn't lowering the murder rate, why waste the extra Since dollar signs seem to rule America's minds, most tax payers feel that too much of their taxes are going towards maintaining prisons and feeding inmates. A recent study found that it costs more to put a prisoner to death, with any method than it does to Also, in the U.S., the chief objection to capital punishment is that it was always used unfairly. First, women are rarely sentenced to death and executed, even though 20% of all homicides in recent years have been committed by women. Second, a study conducted by U.S. News and a World Report showed that a disproportionate number of nonwhites are sentenced to death and executed. Yet many people, especially family members of murder victims, want to see the offender(s) dead. I have no objection to the emotions families have when a loved one is killed and the family wants their satisfaction of knowing that the killer is dead as well, but death is too quick. The mother of a murdered son has to suffer over him for a lifetime. So why shouldn't the murderer suffer, too? The death penalty needs to go and ...

Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age

Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age By Mark Nichol The rules about references to age, and the proper use of hyphens in such references, are simple yet easily misunderstood. Here are a few explanations in response to readers’ questions about the topic. 1. Could you help me understand the correct way to write ages? For example, â€Å"My three-year-old was too young for the movie† is hyphenated, while â€Å"He is three years old† is not, or at least I dont think it is. Your examples are correct: Hyphenate â€Å"three-year-old† and similar phrases only when they serve as phrasal adjectives describing someone or something (or when, as in the case of the first example above, the someone or something of that age is implied). The simple phrase â€Å"three years old† merits no hyphenation, because it isn’t being combined to modify anything. Unfortunately, many people are confused by this distinction, so the phrase is often hyphenated incorrectly, and the frequently seen error perpetuates the confusion. 2. In your sentence â€Å"Write ‘fifty years old,’ for example, rather than ‘aged fifty years,’† the phrase should read â€Å"fifty years-old,† shouldnt it? â€Å"Fifty years old† should be styled just like that, as explained in the previous response; in reference to a fifty-year-old, hyphenate as shown whether what is fifty years old is explicit or implicit. Never hyphenate years and old while leaving the preceding number detached, and never hyphenate fifty and year without also including old in the hyphenated string of words; â€Å"fifty-year old man† refers to an old man who is fifty years, which is nonsensical. The only case in which years and old would be hyphenated is in a sentence such as â€Å"It’s a years-old tradition† a reference to a tradition that is (many) years old. 3. â€Å"When a doctor was dictating a report, he said, ‘This is an approximately 40 50 year old woman . . . .’ It’s my job as a transcriptionist to make the doctor look good; I don’t just type verbatim. So I put, ‘This is an approximately 40- to 50-year-old woman . . . .’ ‘This is a 40-50-year-old woman . . .’ looks awful and confusing, even though that is actually what the doctor said. I could also have written, ‘This is a woman who is approximately 40 or 50 years old . . . .’† Both of your solutions are elegant. If, however, you were required to transcribe verbatim and I think doing so would be necessary only in a legal context the solution would be, â€Å"This is an approximately 40-, 50-year-old woman.† The comma indicates a pause for expansion or self-correction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whether50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersWoof or Weft?

RECORD KEEPING. (The concept should be defined and explored and an Essay

RECORD KEEPING. (The concept should be defined and explored and an explanation provided of how this concept relates to the role of the nurse in providing care in your specific field of nursing) - Essay Example onducted to manage records, and tools in a record system comprise all the software and equipment used in capturing, organizing, storing, tracking, and retrieving records. Keeping records is essential for the best functioning of any organization. Nursing being an important entity that supports human development and growth, it also relies on good record keeping for efficient delivery of services and health care (Luepker 2003). Therefore, it is the responsibility of every nurse in the nursing team providing patient care to play part in record keeping. However, a senior nurse overseeing unqualified colleagues should assume the responsibility and provide guidance on proper documentation. Keeping nursing records has many advantages, however, a majority of nurses struggle to find time to keep records. In addition to that, some of them do not view it as vital as other duties. Nursing record entails the nursing care a patient receives, as well as his/her response to the care. Additionally, factors or events that may affect a patient’s well being are also recorded. These factors ranges from the patients’ visitors seeing them to scheduled theatre visits. In case a nurse does not know what to write down in a patient’s heath record, he/she should ask such questions as: â€Å"If I am not able to handover verbally to the next nursing team, what information should they know to continue giving heath care to the patients?† Answers to this question should give the nurse an insight of what she is expected to write in the patient’s records (Marsh & Magee 2009). Good record keeping is part of nursing care given to patients. As a matter of fact, it is almost impossible to memorize everything one does or everything that happens in a shift. Therefore, failure to have accurate and clear nursing records for all patients may make handover to new nursing teams incomplete. Furthermore, this may affect the patients well being. Quality of records kept by a nursing department may be a

Segregation in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Segregation in the 21st Century - Essay Example The media perpetrates segregation or white supremacy at every turn.   Social stereotypes also prevail in the American media.   Even though these themes are subtle, they are strong.   Even in cartoon movies, these stereotypes exist.   For example, â€Å"Dumbo (1941), the crows that teach Dumbo how to fly â€Å"are too obviously Negro caricatures† (Avila 132).   The portrayal of black crows as crude, ignorant, and with a bad southern accent is ridiculous.   White people from the south can be crude and ignorant.   Most Southerners have southern accents, whether they are black, white, red, or yellow.   Disney movies seem to have bad representations of ethnic people.   Pocahontas and Mulan are feeble attempts to be politically correct, but manage to portray them very stereotypical.   Most of the heroes are white, Prince Charming, John Smith, and numerous others.   The media perpetrates segregation or white supremacy at every turn.   Social stereotypes also prevail in the American media.   Even though these themes are subtle, they are strong.   Even in cartoon movies, these stereotypes exist.   For example, â€Å"Dumbo (1941), the crows that teach Dumbo how to fly â€Å"are too obviously Negro caricatures† (Avila 132).   White people from the south can be crude and ignorant.   Most Southerners have southern accents, whether they are black, white, red, or yellow.   Disney movies seem to have bad representations of ethnic people.  

Edcaution Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edcaution - Assignment Example Secondly, designers of norm-referenced tests should pick the content taught in the many schools, in the country. This is especially in the case of nationwide or district-wide examinations. Essay questions, true or false tests, matching questions, definition and open-ended questions are examples of criterion-referenced tests. They measure a student’s level of competence based on a preset standard without comparing him or her with peers. The objectives of the course and the curriculum inform the setting of criterion-referenced tests. These tests are most helpful when they measure students’ ability in given areas. There exists a need to ensure high validity and reliability of these tests. Firstly, designers of these tests should ensure that they pick the content matching the objectives of the course and the standards of the curriculum (Popham, 2008). A big cluster around the high end of the grading system shows many students met the standards. Secondly, the designers of these tests should suspend their biases. Bias-free tests are fair to all students regardless of gender, ethnic background, race and socio-economic status. High-stakes tests are another group of tests besides norm-referenced tests. The outcomes of these tests serve to make important decisions in people’s lives. A licensure examination is an example of a high-stakes test. This is because the results of the examination help decide the possibility of an examinee getting a permit to practice as a professional nurse (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2007). Because the results of high-stakes tests determine whether individuals get permits to do something or not, they need high reliability and validity. Speed tests measure the rate at which individuals can perform a given task. The test measures the speed of performance only and not the knowledge of individuals. There is a possibility of misusing

Mannerism in art: An analysis

Mannerism in art: An analysis The stylistic categories are an important aspect of the history of art. Gombrich (1985) suggests that classification is a necessary evil that if taken as a tool that is also flexible and modifiable, can be valuable for art historians. Gombrich notes that while useful, categorisation has also been prone to critical abuse (p81). In other words derogatory nomenclature was often used when naming an art historical era. Baroque, which I would consider a very refined phase of technically crafted dramatic art, in fact was defined by the Oxford pocket dictionary of 1934 as grotesque (p81) as this was the immediate summary of its worth in the seventeenth century. Kaufman (2010) indicated that the categories mark historic periods of individual artists, however art critical analysis has always made it difficult to distinguish the categories and this has led to individual historians describing the categories or styles differently. To establish a permanent and agreed name to a genre or era of art could only happen successfully after that period had expired and time had lapsed for thorough deliberation it requires time and broadmindedness to deal with (Gombrich,1985, p81). Gombrich also states that such categories help us in the mastering an unstructured reality that is to say that as long as criticality in our application of such categories is maintained, new insights about what constitutes them can be gained. Categorisation is limited by language, complex concepts cannot always be expressed by words, and categories are often oversimplified into opposites: good/bad, visual/haptic, left/right etc. This system of opposites allows a range of values in between. In order to create an art category a style must be distinct and unique, therefore necessitating a term to describe it. If a style is neither unique nor distinct it would not require classification. Kaufmann (2010) believed that despite numerous stylistic terminology (p2) all art can be categorised into two major categories which are classical and non-classical. For example, Gothic art is classified as non-classical, while Barbaric and Barocco were described as post classical and degenerate at that time. However irrespective of this norm, there were exceptions to some styles like Mediaeval which was regarded as less beautiful but had some worthy attributes such as being more devout, more honest or more strong which according to historians of the time counted for more than mere orderliness (Gombrich,1985, p86). As Gombrich points out, the problem underlying the categorisation of art is the claim that arose in the 19th century that art historians can look at the historical development of styles in an objective and unbiased manner. That is to say without being influenced by their own agendas, political standpoints, need for oversimplification or cognitive biases. This is the proble m underlying all art categorisation, and through this understanding we can now go on to analyse the topic of mannerism as a historical art category. This essay will first of all attempt to offer a definition of mannerism, pointing out some inherent difficulties in doing so, it will then go on to look at some of the benefits of describing the historical period conventionally labelled as mannerist in this way, before looking at some of the drawbacks. Finally conclusions will be made about how helpful it is as a concept in the categorisation of historical art. 2. Mannerism as an art category 2.1 What is Mannerism, and why is the term controversial as an art category? Mannerism as it has been conventionally described in modern interpretations of historical art, is a style which came between the high Renaissance and the Baroque (1510-20 to 1600) periods and is sometimes was referred to as the late Renaissance (Wundram1985). One of the first issues when discussing Mannerism, is identifying exactly when it started, and when it finished, as while in Italy, it is thought to have ended in around 1580, but Northern Mannerism is thought to have extended into the early 17th century in Europe (Freedberg,1971). However according to Smyth (1992, p13) this set of stylistic conventions began to be adopted in around 1530, before becoming the norm in the 1540s and 1550s in the work of Vasari and his contemporaries. This highlights one of the first difficulties art historians have with the broad category of Mannerism. Deriving from the Italian maneriera, Mannerism refers to a style or manner and what exactly constitutes Mannerism has also been a matter of debate in art history. The term has been widely used in literature and architecture as well as in art. Vasari as a central Mannerist himself used the term to discuss an artists manner or method, in describing a particular artists style, and in attributing praise. However, the term has also been used according to Franklin (2001) by Vasari himself to criticise the work of Perugino as mannered meaning that his style was repetitious and this was thought to be unaturalistic and therefore negative (p14). Miedima (1978-79) points out that the term was originally used as a term of opprobrium (p20). As illustrated through these examples the term Mannerism and what is meant by it may have given rise to great deal of confusion as successive art historians used the term. What constitutes mannerism as a style is also not without its problems. Miedema (1978-9) defines the stylistic features thought of as Mannerism as artificiality, affectation, the stereotype and monotony furthermore these were interpreted arbitrarily as: anti-classicism, subjectivity, torment, anxiety and doubt, and violent emotionality (p21). Problematic is that fact that a term used to express what was negative about some art in the sixteenth century until around the nineteenth century has now been expanded to characterize the style of what we speak of as representing the entire period (ibid). The style of the period can also be seen as contravening the high Renaissance classical rule rooted more on visual perception and scientific naturalism. Rather mannerism is thought to be based more on intellectual preoccupation as evident in the late works of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and mid-career works of Michelangelo Mannerism as a style is not easy to categorise because of its diversity (Smith, 2007). The label defined a significant change in social behaviour and a noticeable brilliance in techniques of works of some artists. The term Mannerism itself is quite a profound indicator of the perception of general aesthetics. It denotes the acknowledgement of Style- the recognition of stylization integral to any art work and the implications this brings: Manipulation, adaption, abstraction. This in turn may have also have taken some of the devout piety away from the function of art works. Elongated forms, precariously balanced poses, and collapsed perspective; irrational settings and theatrical settings were reflected amongst characteristics of mannerists works. Parmigianos Work Madonna (1534-40) Florence, Uffizi, is a good example of the change of style and it was greatly believed to have been influenced by Raphael, but gave a great anti-classic character. Smith (2007, p) described the Madonna: Proportions are lengthened so that forms are attenuated; perspective is exaggerated, and there is great discrepancies of scale between the virgin and her attendants. Again a feeling of disquiet is produced by the column beautifully finished, but like a ruin supporting nothing, or* the enigmatic gentleman who opens a great scroll but instead of reading it turns his head in the opposite direction. The Madonna with the Long Neck is a very good example of divergent style from naturalism. The distorted proportion exemplified by elongated neck and arms brings about the concept of abstraction which was not the norm with the previous style. Smiths (2007) description concurs with the definition of Mannerists being advocates of tension and ambiguity as opposed to the rounded harmony of high renaissance. Mannerist composition lacks the balance and legibility that would have been necessary for art to be considered a complete, where all the relative parts played a role and reason was prominent. The whole perception of the entire work brings about an attitude of laziness or lack of seriousness especially to those used to high renaissance. The argument for the distortions would be that the artist was trying to heighten the notion of elegance and grace to express these famous historical figures. The mother of Christ therefore, was rendered larger than life or with an unrealistic perfection in certain anatomical features. A further example of Mannerists works is provided by the Scupture of Bologna (1581-83) The Rape of the Sabines. Matsui describes it as: Three figures twisting upwards in such a way as to form a Spiral, allowing, if not demanding, a 360 degree view of the work. Bolognas sculpture took on a flamboyant self-confidence, which clearly proved him to have at least one foot firmly placed in the next era, the Baroque. This goes to show how hard Mannerist artists are to defineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Though the works reflects aspects of Michelangelos, Bologna went further than the usual forms of Michelangelos works by being more extravagant in terms of executing his shapes, which were more prominent in terms of their three dimensional nature, as described by Matsui. Such an approach went beyond the traditional boundaries of High renaissance, and was seen as a new phenomenon and probably the represented the foundation of a new style. High renaissance art being what it was at the time; an art style at peak in terms of its innovation, needed to be built on. Up-coming artists would have viewed the creative arena before them and may have seen invention as the most positive way forward. Another characteristic of mannerism worth noting is the use of space by the mannerist artists. Unlike the Renaissance where the space was definite and the view was provided with a fixed view point, in mannerism the space was extended to infinity and the side boundaries were removed (Wundram, 1985). Many of the themes used in Mannerist work paid homage previous masters works, styles and themes, as opposed to the norm of naturalism. Wundram (1985) points out that the movements focal point was for the first time considered to be in painting. This change in style can be seen as maturation from the high Renaissance and an extension of its qualities. The qualities displayed were anti classism and the move was seen to be a natural progression from High Renaissance. None of these descriptions and examples of what we now describe as Mannerism, solve the issue that the category became the term for defining the style of sixteenth century art, or at least part of that art (Miedema, 1978, p20), and that whether art can be qualified as Mannerist or not has depended on which criteria different authors applied and which were accordingly dismissed (ibid). The issue boils down to the debate around whether Mannerism is a style, a movement, or a period and the fact that it is commonly used to identify the European art and culture of the 16th century (Mobile reference, nd). 2.2 What led to the emergence of Mannerism? Mannerism as an art style emerged during a period of political unrest which includes the reformation, the plague and the sack of Rome in 1527. The style was more popular in Florence and Rome but spread all over Italy and northern Europe (Matsui, 2010). Although the origins of Mannerism have been attributed to the early sixteenth century, in 1555 a more radical style emerged which deviated from the masters in what was described as lazy ignorance or vain rashness, it was regarded as a complete philosophy and method of art (Smyth 1992). It was alleged that, these students became addicted to weak (not incorrect) design and feeble washed out colours, far from the truth and at the same time too resolute (ibid). The exact historical period of mannerism has been a subject of controversy; however it is generally seen to come between High Renaissance and Baroque. It is normally seen as the extension of the High Renaissance though it is mostly seen as Renaissance anti-classicism due to the natu re of works produced which are more abstract and do not reflect nature realistically. Mannerist artists were associated with great intellect and were no longer seen as crafts persons but rather scholars with great admiration of elegance and complexity. They could now stand apart from crafts men and be on equal terms with poets allowing for self-conscious interpretation of the events they recorded. With this freedom came great responsibility especially for visual artist. Poets could record the world with a degree of ambiguity and abstraction, but painters were limited in their presentation to a definite subject matter within the parameters of the four corners and flat nature of the canvass. Given the expectations that the art of the time would accurately represent its subject matter, it would have been extremely difficult to present an image with any degree of distortion or artistic licence. 3 Advantages of using Mannerism as a historical art category The Mannerist era heralded a new period of innovation. The period fostered creativity, through a lack of adherence to the particular principles of the time. There was also a distinctness and sharpness which showed a lot of independent thinking. The structure of work is well defined and well balanced and highly stabilised to support its own particular aesthetic qualities. Using examples of Mannerist art, this section will give evidence to support the notion that in order to communicate about the period, a category such as Mannerism is more helpful than unhelpful. EL Greco, The Annnuncial (1576) (see appendix) is an exceptional work which exemplifies the creativity and beauty of what is thought to be Mannerist art. The theme of the work is religious based, as religion or erotic nature themes were popular due to the upheaval of the period of that time. El Greco personifies successful mannerists art because he engages both exaggerations in his painterly application and his distortions of figures. He leaves out any attempt to render the scene in naturalistic terms; thereby entering fully into the realm of stylistic invention. The work depicts the announcement of birth of Christ, it shows Angle Gabriel appearing before the Virgin Mary accompanied by many other angles above the two figures, a dove painted in glowing white , which spread all the way towards the virgin signifies the presence of the holy spirit. The painting is more congested as figures are juxtaposition to fit in the limited space. Colour contradictions and elongated figures give the painting a general view of uncertainty and menace. But everything about the painting is contrived and makes no attempt to conceal the artifice. El Greco has defied the odds, and has demonstrated some compositional brilliance of the style. EL Greco used elements of design to harmonise the entire work making it aesthetically interesting. The distorted figures and pallet of variety of cool colours gives the work mystical view augmenting the theme. It might have been that El Grecos art was misunderstood during his time (especially the later work), but he was to have a significant impact on later artists. He gains influence amongst the modernist era especially with artists such as Picasso and The German Expressionists. This era of art was more aligned to self-conscious manipulations and personal sensibilities, and it is surprising to see a 16th Century artist stand up to this genre of extreme modernism. In hindsight one could say that El Greco was far beyond his time, and helped influence some of the most extreme and drastic changes in aesthetic awareness that still inform the art world today. It is helpful therefore to have a least a general category of association in which to place El Greco. He may not be noted as an obvious exponent of Mannerism but he falls heavily into its influence, and not by his association with High Renaissance. It is by the particular general detail of categories that we are reliant on placing artists in context to their historical time, and agreeing on the traits that identify them with that genre and not another. The intellectuality that is attributed to the Mannerist period embraced liberal ideologies that allowed for much more creative freedoms in arts and literature. This allowed a whole body of work to flourish that embraced these new liberties. Such work represented a clear departure from previous works represented by High renaissance and clearly showed that the beginning of something very new was happening in terms of stylistic categories. Clearly then, a stylistic category delineating the two periods is necessary. It might not be a coincidence that the first historically recorded female artist Sonofisba Anguissola (a student of Michelangelo) gained acclaim and significant success during these times. Although not a mannerist, she transcended limitations placed on her gender at the time to be considered equal amongst her male counterparts in a male dominated discipline. Did this freedom for intellectual curiosity exhibited by the Mannerists also extend to other disciplines? For instance, Galileos (1564-1642) accurate observations on planetary orbits and scientific theory that contradicted the Roman Catholic Churchs assertions also came towards the end of the Mannerist period. Thus the credit for these advancements needs to be justified under a general label that identifies the era, and the influences that brought about prevalent features of arts and culture at the time. Clearly the artistic paradigm shift represented by Mannerist art deserves a label. It is sometimes useful to have a historical category which reflects the origins of such an important change of convention and under which the collective achievements of a generation can be contextualised. 4 The disadvantages of using the term Mannerism as a Historical art category. Although it is useful to delineate the changes from High renaissance to Mannerism how a particular piece of art can be analysed into one category or another can sometimes present methodological difficulty without a common and agreed frame of reference. Such a conceptual tool is yet to be perfected. The painting Christ before Pilate (Tintoretto, 1565-1567) clearly illustrates this issue, as it has always been controversial whether it is Mannerist or not even though it can be dated to a period thought of as High Mannerist. Some have referred to it as an anti-classical style as it ran counter to High Renaissance, some prefer to look at it as it as late Renaissance while others did not give it any specific category (Smyth,1992). This illustrates the point that if we are to think of Mannerism as a period, rather than an identifiable style as it is commonly viewed then we may find ourselves in difficulty. Likewise if we look at Mannerism as a style rather than a period, a painting such as Tintorettos presents classification difficulties. This illustrates a clear disadvantage of using the term mannerism as a historical art category. However, in a discussion of Christ before Pilot Curtis (in Akker, 2010) looked at Mannerism as a neutral term, that can be seen as a legitimate art category depending on the painting and the argument put forward by the art historian. Furthermore Shearman (1961) also puts forward and argument to defend Mannerism as a good art category, he describes it as decorative stylisation which illustrates meaning of form and called it a stylish style. To illustrate this point he cites the work of Perino del Vaga, Vertumnus and Ponoma (1527) as a good example of Mannerist work. Akker (2010) describes the work: being almost that of the whole design, we are more immediately aware of the freedom in the distribution of their parts, as if they were abstract and not figurative material; for the figures, interlaced one with the other, are also deployed in a remarkably decorative way over the whole surface. This freedom of disposition is obtained by manipulations of considerable torsion, achieved, however, with perfect ease in the figures themselves. Grace, not tension, is the resultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ But overall though there is still a confusion as to Mannerisms identity as a specific category or a flexible term to reference work that is not quite High Renaissance, nor accessible as Baroque. Franklin, (2001) believes that this leaves it as a rather redundant term in the canons of art classification, and in Mannerisms particular case it is often ignored or goes unnoticed as an art category altogether. The critical view at the time of deemed that Mannerism did not fall or fit well within the contemporary notion of what art was supposed to be (Akker, 2010, p28), and there was said to be a decline in art after the High Renaissance. Painting was said to have reached its peak during the time of Raphael and drastically declined after his death. This decline was attributed to the departure of artists from the then current style, which was based on the study of Nature rather the more intellectual approach based imagination and artifice. These were further described by Lanzi (C.1800) (cited in Akker, 2010) as imitating previous masters work in a literal and servile manner. He believed that the style represents a cultural shift that can be considered an inevitable phase in culture that could be considered normal in any society. He further describes it as a sort of fatality that: seems to prevail in all human things, rendering their duration in the same state of short continuance; so that after attaining their highest elevation, we may assuredly at no distant period look for their decline But the issue of interpretation and accessibility lies only with that time that mannerism was in affect; for in hindsight, with the advantage of noticing succeeding generations of art development, Mannerism looks now like a bold attempt to challenge perceived notions and shock a conditioned establishment into reconsidering its values, or at least speculate on other innovations in visual art. The fact that it was noted for its discrepancies with the established order means it only attracted more attention, and thus necessitated being a category in its own right. The problem of Mannerism being its own distinct category leaves another issue; that of a dual allegiance of those artists who were in part indulging in High Renaissance styles and yet who were also involved with Mannerist tendencies. Michelangelo is one such an artist. His early career paid much attention to copying the old masters; Giotto for instance, but always without complete reverence. He would analyse the drawing but the final rendition would be adopted and altered for his own pursuit in technique (Nagel, 2000). Michelangelos career was spurred by the need to adapt, change, and be inventive. It is not surprising then that he ended up belonging to both camps, and by the later stages of his career was implicated as Mannerist. It is possibly the failure of historical labelling that causes confusion, and indicates a weakness in Mannerism as a historical art category. Mannerism had another very identifiable feature that is, over simplification of forms. This approach has led to many misconception about the style, some view the unrealistic aspects of the work produced as sign of laziness or rushed work done without much consideration technical details (such as correct proportion) or that it lacked serious attention. Friedlaenders(1957) however defended this aspect of Mannerism and stated that such over simplification is due to the distinct character of the artistic and cultural movement in specific places at specific times. Friedlaenders also pointed out that any form of refinement through stylization tends to result in simplification of form. This was very much part of Michelangelos agenda in his later years. His late work often looked unfinished; the Rondanini Pieta (1564) being a prime example. If we did not know it, one would not recognise it as a work of Michelangelo due its rough appearance. Nagel (2001) explains Michelangelos choices as being more to do with process than final appearance. The artists himself is noted for being intrigued about the process of sculpting. He did not anticipate a finished piece, but was open to a sense of discovery that that lay within a block of stone. For Nagel it appears as a reversal of the usual process, where excavation enables the artist to merely discover what already lay within. For this reversal of attitude to take place is a big upheaval in historical terms and requires distinction and categorization. The problem occurs when you have to refer to one artist; who is so well esteemed, as being a practitioner of both these disparate practices. However, there is no reason that the category of Mannerism should be ignored or brushed under the carpet by art historians because of this discrepancy, as will be discussed further in the next section. 5 Discussion The problem with the classical period was that the concept of what constituted an art form was too prescriptive. It was formalised into proportional figures, accurate perspective, round 3 dimensional composition, and naturalistic colour scheme. Under this strict regimen of constructing a painting the artist had little subjective input. It is not surprising that during this era the artists turned to a Mannerist style which allowed room for invention. This change in style marks a change in the perception and the function of an art work. Without a rigid system of application art elements and principles could be explored with a broader and bolder sense of creative design. Suddenly a dynamic quality of rhythm and symmetry evoked more imaginative possibilities in a picture surface, where elongated figures had more potential for movement in themselves. Renaissance art itself was a new achievement at a time of critical self-questioning in: religion, politics and culture. It was a tendency of artists to always be searching for different forms of expression. Mannerism appears to be a consequence of these introspective circumstances, as much as any modern art movement would have been a response to drastic changes to material and social upheavals. Categories seem easier to apply during the twentieth century than during the sixteenth Century due to the rapid succession of various movements that reacted to each other. But Mannerism was just as much a reaction to its predecessor, and a bridge in the historical continuum that leads to the Baroque. A land mark (and thus a historical art history category) therefore applies as well for Mannerism as it does for Cubism. Although mannerism is often over looked as a category in art development, it is in fact a very crucial dividing line in the history of art. It draws a definite line between scientific naturalism and more elaborate creative tendencies. This is very relevant and definitive moment in the transitional annals of art development. It defines a moment when the hierarchy of the art establishment was challenged and superseded to allow choice and alternative applications. As Kaufmann (2010) notes, although there may have been disagreement about whether a work of art should be labelled a particular label, such debates were often productive and new period concepts, like Mannerism, were discussed. As stated in the introduction as long as such historical debates continue critically, labels such as mannerism are a helpful term of reference, and enable opportunities for new scholars to become aware of the issues involved in art classification. In fact it could be the existence of art history courses that reinforce or necessitate such labels (Kaufman, 2010), in order to enable such debates to have a common terms of reference however problematic. 6 Conclusion There are always going to exceptions when classifying art historical epochs. We have seen how Michelangelo might be deemed as the greatest practitioner of High Renaissance, but also reverted to an anti-classic methods leaving speculation that is difficult for some art historians to reconcile. Perugino was also hard to classify in historical reference. The problems with classification have probably got a lot to do with the nature of language, especially written language. Until Vasari oral tradition had prevailed where information is temporal not material. The following tradition of written history meant the emergence of the Historian/analyst and the specific discipline associated with this practice. Most art historians like the debate to be simple, rounded and clearly articulated without confusion. Mannerism does not work as a perfect narrative and is hard to present conclusively as a period without contradiction. But it would be hard not to stumble across contradictions considering t he length of time spanned by this era; nearly one hundred years. Meidema (1978) certainly believes that it is inadequate to tie up this amount of time with one simplistic label. The problem probably accrued as there was only a few chroniclers recording the achievements of that time, and so large generalisations occurred. But given that there was a discernable shift in the collective intellectual imagination during that time it needs to occupy its own identifiable place in reference to written history. The term Mannerist is useful for a general referral to an art practice from 1510-1600, but also deplete and extremely awkward if you wish to investigate certain aspect of that era in more detail. One might say that the term Mannerism is no less stigmatizing than the term Fauvism used to describe modern European colourists comprising of that group. But whilst even here there may be some confusion and artists that do not fit the description comfortably as the time scale for the Fauves wa s reduced to four years.